TIMBER AND FLORA FROM KAFIR-KALA IN SAMARKAND: UNVEILING SPECIES AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Abstract
This article primarily focuses on the identification of types and practical utilizations of wooden and plant
remains discovered in the pre-Islamic layers during the excavations of the monumental complex at the citadel
of Kafir-kala by the Uzbek-Japanese expedition. The current study reveals the presence of five different types
of timber: poplar (populus; salicaceae), willow (salix; salicaceae), ash (fraxinus; oleaceae), sumac (rhus;
anacardiaceae), as well as diffusely porous wood (rosaceae?) and various other plant species. Notably, poplar
(populus; salicaceae) stands out as the predominant variety. The application of poplar is further evident in the
crafting of wooden panels, which portray the goddess Nana and a congregation of Sogdians venerating her
from the central room (15/16) of the citadel. Various tree and plant remains along with unique artifacts found
in the groove — the seam between the main part of the central sufa and the lower step — prompt speculation
regarding the room’s function as an altar-chapel presumably dedicated to the goddess Nana. This leads us to
consider a nexus between the citadel complex and ritual ceremonies, potentially involving prayers and festivals
dedicated to this deity. Other gatherings encompassing political and various events may have also taken place
within this monumental complex.
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About the Authors
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