KARAKHANID GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES IN THE SEDENTARY OASES OF WESTERN TURKESTAN

Abstract

This article presents an in-depth analysis of the Karakhanid Empire’s political and economic strategy in the
Fergana Valley (10th–12th centuries) and the formation of its administrative centers based on archaeological,
numismatic, and written sources. The main focus is on the geographical locations of cities with minting
facilities established by the Karakhanids (Akhsikent, Koson, Margilan, Vankat, Chunket, etc.), the factors
influencing their selection, and their functional roles. The study applies Geographic Information System
(GIS) technologies to analyze topography, azimuth, slope, and visual control. Special emphasis is placed on
archaeological excavations in mountainous areas such as Tashbulak and Tugunbulak, where planned, fortified,
multifunctional urban centers were discovered at high elevations. These sites featured craft districts, cemeteries,
palatial structures, evidence of agriculture, and active trade networks. The research findings highlight the
Karakhanid Empire’s integrated model of political-economic management between plains and mountainous
regions and offer a scholarly basis for understanding their regional strategic approach.